Boilers

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, French
Capability: Audio, Video

The primary function of a boiler is to transfer heat from hot gases generated by the combustion of fuel into water until it becomes hot or turns to steam. The steam or hot water is then used in a variety of facility processes. Boiler feedwater often contains impurities, which impair boiler operation and efficiency. To improve feedwater quality and steam purity, as well as correct other problems caused by impurities, chemicals can be injected directly into the feedwater or steam. Chemical additives increase boiler efficiency, reduce fuel, operating and maintenance costs, minimize maintenance and downtime, and protect equipment from corrosion and extend equipment life.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify and describe the safety guidelines associated with boiler feedwater chemical additives
• Describe why boiler water treatment is needed
• Identify the two major approaches to treating boiler feedwater
• Identify the reasons that internal chemical additives are used in boilers
• Describe the purpose of each of the following types of boiler water chemical additives: Phosphates, Chelants, Polymers, Oxygen scavengers, Antifoaming agents, Neutralizing amines, and Filming amines

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, French, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

A boiler recovers heat from burned fuels. This is accomplished when high pressure boiler feedwater inside tubes located throughout the boiler is heated and turns into steam or hot water. The steam or hot water is then used in a variety of facility processes. Boiler feedwater often contains dissolved oxygen, which is a common cause of corrosion inside boilers. The dissolved oxygen reacts with the boiler’s waterside metal surfaces to damage boiler tubes, headers, and drums. Corrosion can become more aggressive depending on the concentration of gas, pH, and temperature of the boiler feedwater. Therefore, the purpose of deaeration is to remove dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other non-condensable gases from boiler feedwater.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify and describe the safety hazards and safe work practices associated with boiler feedwater deaeration
• Explain the purpose of deaeration
• Explain how the amount of dissolved gases in water can be reduced
• Describe the function of tray-type and spray-type deaerators
• Identify and describe the key equipment and process flows associated with feedwater deaeration
• Describe the purpose of oxygen scavengers

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, French, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

A boiler recovers heat from burned fuels. This is accomplished when high pressure boiler feedwater inside tubes located throughout the boiler is heated and turns into steam or hot water. The steam or hot water is then used in a variety of facility processes. Boiler feedwater often contains inorganic salts, dissolved impurities, and foreign particles, which generate corrosion problems and decrease efficiency due to damage to heat transfer surfaces. Demineralizers use ion exchange resins to remove these impurities in the raw water used for makeup in boiler feedwater.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify and describe the safety hazards and safe work practices associated with boiler feedwater demineralizers
• Explain the purpose of boiler feedwater demineralizers
• Describe the ion exchange process
• Identify and describe the two most common types of demineralizer designs
• Explain the regeneration process used in demineralizers

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

Conventional solid fuel power boilers burn the fuel in a fixed bed. In a fluidized bed boiler, hot air is blown at a high velocity up through a bed of sand, limestone, and ash causing the solid particles to fluidize, or behave like a liquid. Fluidization provides good mixing and allows for effective combustion when fuel is added. Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) provides several advantages for burning solid fuels, including higher efficiency, lower emissions, and the ability to burn low quality (e.g. high moisture) fuels. This course will focus on the operation of bubbling and circulating fluidized bed boilers.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of fluidized bed boilers
• Differentiate between bubbling and circulating fluidized bed boilers
• Describe the operation of both fluidized bed boiler types
• Identify and describe the function of the key components of both fluidized bed boiler types
• Define conduction, convection, and radiation and describe how heat is transferred in boilers
• Describe how fluidized bed boilers can reduce emissions
• Describe safety guidelines for working around boilers

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, French, Polish, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

The purpose of a power boiler is to create steam by applying heat energy to water. The necessary heat energy is produced by combustion. Fuel and oxygen are required for combustion to occur. To ensure complete combustion of the fuel in the boiler furnace, enough air must be thoroughly mixed with the fuel. Each power boiler fuel requires a different amount of air for complete combustion and the combustion controls must be designed to provide it. This module describes the role of combustion in power boilers as well as major components and flows of power boiler air systems.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify and describe the safety hazards and guidelines associated with power boiler air and combustion
• Define “combustion”
• Explain the role of combustion in power boilers
• Describe the two basic air systems for power boilers
• Identify and describe major components of power boiler air systems
• Identify and describe the primary process flows
• Describe factors that affect the combustion process
• Differentiate between the firing techniques needed for good combustion depending on the fuel

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, Polish, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

The purpose of a power boiler is to create steam by applying heat energy to water. Many power boilers burn solid fuels, such as wood residue (biomass) and coal, which produce large amounts of ash that must be handled and disposed of. Each solid fuel boiler has a specially designed system to safely remove, transport and dispose of the ash generated during operation of the boiler. This module describes how ash is generated and the typical components used to remove ash in a power boiler.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify and describe the safety hazards and guidelines associated with power boiler ash
• Describe how ash is generated in a power boiler
• Identify and describe the two classes of boiler ash
• Describe the composition of coal and biomass ash
• Identify and describe typical ash handling components
• Identify and describe the two methods for handling ash
• Describe environmental hazards and prevention methods for ash handling systems

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, French, Polish, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

The purpose of a power boiler is to create steam by applying heat energy to water. The water supplied to the boiler, which is converted to steam, is called feedwater. This feedwater system removes any impurities in the condensate, which is steam converted back to water, preheats and pressurizes it then returns it to the power boiler steam drum. The power boiler control system maintains the proper flow of feedwater to the boiler. As the hot combustion gases pass from the furnace through the generating tube bank, steam is formed in the tubes and rises to the steam drum. This module describes the major components and flows associated with feedwater and steam in a power boiler.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define “feedwater” and “latent heat”
• Identify and describe the safety hazards and guidelines associated with power boiler feedwater and steam
• Identify the two typical sources of feedwater in a power boiler
• Identify and describe the major components of a feedwater system
• Explain the flows of condensate and makeup water to the boiler
• Describe the effects of improper feedwater levels in the steam drum
• Identify and describe the major components of a steam system
• Describe the flow of water and steam within a power boiler

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, Polish, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

In order for a boiler to convert water to steam, a fuel source must release its energy in the form of combustion in the boiler furnace. Fuel systems play a critical role in the performance of a boiler. The most commonly used fuels in power boilers are natural gas, fuel oil, coal, and wood (biomass). Each of these fuels have different physical properties that require delivery systems that are unique to that fuel. Fuel systems should be properly operated and maintained to run efficiently.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Explain the purpose of a fuel source in a power boiler
• Describe the fuel considerations taken when designing a boiler
• Identify and describe the safety hazards and safe work practices associated with power boiler fuel systems
• Describe the primary function of power boiler fuel supply systems
• Differentiate between gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels
• Identify the most commonly used fuels in power boilers
• Identify and describe key equipment
• Describe the operation of natural gas, fuel oil, coal, and biomass power boiler fuel systems

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, French, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

Compressed air systems are used in a variety of industries to supply process requirements, operate pneumatic tools and equipment, and to meet instrumentation needs. This course discusses compressed air system components, safety guidelines to follow while working with and around compressed air systems, common air compressor designs, compressed air conditioning systems, and air pressure and volume measurements.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• List the various components in a typical compressed air system 
• Describe the different types of air compressors 
• List typical safety hazards and safe work practices associated with compressed air systems 
• Explain the purpose of the following compressed air system components: coolers, air dryers, filters, and air receivers 
• Describe how air compressor air volumes and pressures are measured and expressed

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English, Portuguese, French, Polish, Russian
Capability: Audio, Video

The purpose of a power boiler is to create steam by applying heat energy to water. The steam produced by the power boiler can be transferred through piping to a number of applications throughout industrial facilities. This module describes the purpose, design, operation, and key components of a power boiler.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify and describe the safety hazards and safe work practices associated with power boilers 
• Describe the purpose of a power boiler 
• Describe the methods of heat transfer within a power boiler 
• Identify and describe the different types of power boilers 
• Identify and describe the key components of the power boiler 
• Differentiate between the three most common power boiler pressure component arrangements: “A,” “D,” and “O.” 
• Identify and describe different power boiler designs based on fuel-type 
• Describe typical maintenance considerations for power boilers

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to teach participants how to recognize whether feedwater heaters are operating properly. After completing this course, participants should understand how a feedwater heater works and the role it plays in a generating unit. They should also know how to monitor the operation of a feedwater heater to maintain maximum efficiency and how to recognize and identify feedwater heater problems.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe the normal operation of a closed feedwater heater
• Describe the normal operation of an open feedwater heater. Feedwater Heater Performance
• Describe methods that an operator can use to check the performance of a feedwater heater.
• Troubleshooting Feedwater Heaters
• Identify some typical operating problems that may develop in feedwater heaters
• Describe the effects of feedwater heater operating problems on the terminal temperature difference (TTD) and the drain cooler approach (DCA)
• Describe typical procedures that may be followed in troubleshooting a feedwater heater problem.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course explains how air heaters and preheaters affect boiler efficiency and heat rate. After completing this course participants should be able to identify boiler parameters commonly associated with air heaters and preheaters and explain how boiler efficiency and heat rate are affected by changes in those parameters. They should also be able to explain how problems with air heaters and preheaters can be recognized and corrected.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe how an air heater works.
• Explain how air heaters affect boiler efficiency and heat rate.
• Describe the three major operating goals for air heaters.
• Describe how air heater efficiency can be determined.
• Explain the function of air preheaters.
• Describe how air preheaters affect boiler efficiency and heat rate.
• Identify problems commonly found in air heaters and preheaters.
• Describe how air heater and preheater problems can affect boiler parameters.
• Describe how air heater and preheater problems can be corrected.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to explain how the windbox, the burners, and the furnace affect the efficiency and heat rate of oil and gas fired boilers. After completing this course, participants should be able to explain how the windbox, the burners, and the furnace operate together to sustain combustion, and how problems with these components can be recognized and corrected.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe how the windbox, the burner registers, the burners, and the furnace operate together to sustain combustion.
• Explain why the flow of fuel and air through the system is balanced as closely as possible.
• Describe problems commonly associated with the windbox. Burner Registers and the Burners
• Describe how air flow can be balanced by adjusting the burner registers.
• Describe the effects of adjusting burner tilts.
• Identify common burner problems and describe how they can be recognized. The Furnace
• Describe problems commonly associated with furnaces.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to explain how the windbox, the burners, and the furnace affect boiler efficiency and heat rate. After completing this course, participants should be able to explain how the windbox, the burners, and the furnace operate together to sustain combustion, and how problems with these components can be recognized and corrected.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe how the windbox, the secondary air dampers, the burners, and the furnace operate together to sustain combustion.
• Explain why the flow of fuel and air through the system is balanced as closely as possible.
• State the function of the windbox.
• Describe problems commonly associated with the windbox.
• Describe how secondary air flow can be balanced by adjusting the secondary air dampers.
• Describe the effects of adjusting burner tilts.
• Describe how to recognize burner problems.
• Describe furnace draft.
• Describe problems commonly associated with furnaces.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course describes how superheaters, reheaters, and the economizer affect boiler efficiency and heat rate. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe how superheaters and reheaters add heat to steam, and how the economizer adds heat to feedwater. They should also be able to explain how attemperators control steam temperatures and protect superheaters and reheaters; and how problems with superheaters, reheaters, and economizers affect heat rate.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Explain why superheaters are used to increase the temperature of steam.
• Explain why a primary superheater and a secondary superheater are normally connected in series to superheat steam.
• Explain how a reheater affects boiler efficiency and heat rate.
• Explain how attemperators limit steam temperature and describe the impact that attemperators have on heat rate.
• Explain how the economizer affects boiler efficiency and heat rate.
• Describe the effects of ash buildup on superheaters, reheaters, and economizers and how ash buildup can be minimized.
• Describe the effects of too much excess air on heat transfer in superheaters, reheaters, and economizers and why excess air should be maintained at desired levels.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course explains some of the fundamental aspects of turbine efficiency. After completing this course, participants should be able to identify energy flows that enter and exit a typical turbine generator set, and explain how to determine the efficiency of a turbine.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify energy flows that enter and exit a typical turbine generator set.
• Describe how the amount of energy contained in each of the energy flows can be determined. Turbine Generator Set Heat Rate
• Describe how to use the heat balance or input/output method to determine the heat rate for a turbine generator set.
• Explain how to use the American Society of
• Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Power Test Code 6 for acceptance testing and how to establish a benchmark for future testing. The Enthalpy Drop Method
• Describe how the enthalpy drop method can be used to determine the efficiency of an individual turbine section.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course describes how changes in parameters can affect boiler efficiency and heat rate. After completing this course, participants should be able to explain how changes in key boiler parameters can affect boiler efficiency and heat rate, how some of the possible causes of those changes can be identified, and how problems that can cause parameters to change can be recognized during a boiler walkdown.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Explain why a primary superheater and a secondary superheater are normally connected in series to superheat steam.
• Describe how a decrease in main steam temperature affects boiler efficiency and heat rate.
• Identify common causes of a decrease in main steam temperature
• Explain how a reheater maintains hot reheat steam temperature.
• Describe how changes in hot reheat steam temperature affect boiler efficiency and heat rate.
• Identify common causes of a decrease in hot reheat steam temperature. Operating Parameters, Part 2
• Explain how attemperators limit steam temperature and describe the impact that attemperators have on boiler efficiency and unit heat rate.
• Describe how boiler efficiency and unit heat rate are affected by a decrease in main steam pressure.
• Describe how boiler efficiency and unit heat rate are affected by a decrease in economizer outlet water temperature.
• Describe how boiler efficiency and unit heat rate are affected by an increase in boiler exit gas temperature. Common Efficiency Problems
• Describe how boiler efficiency and unit heat rate are affected by steam leaks, water leaks, fuel leaks, and air leaks.
• Describe how steam leaks, water leaks, fuel leaks, and air leaks can be recognized.
• Describe how boiler efficiency and unit heat rate are affected by problems associated with the furnace flame.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course explains how air heaters and preheaters affect boiler efficiency and heat rate. After completing this course, participants should be able to identify boiler parameters commonly associated with air heaters and preheaters and explain how boiler efficiency and heat rate are affected by changes in those parameters. They should also be able to explain how problems with air heaters and preheaters can be recognized and corrected.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe how an air heater works.
• Explain how air heaters affect boiler efficiency and heat rate.
• Describe the three major operating goals for air heaters. Air Heater Efficiency and Preheaters
• Describe how air heater efficiency can be determined.
  Explain the function of air preheaters.
• Describe how air preheaters affect boiler efficiency and heat rate. Air Heater and Preheater Problems
• Identify problems commonly found in air heaters and preheaters.
• Describe how air heater and preheater problems can affect boiler parameters.
• Describe how air heater and preheater problems can be corrected.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to familiarize participants with some of the equipment and flow paths associated with combustion and steam production in a boiler. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe the parts and operation of typical gas burners, oil burners, and stokers. They should also be able to explain how air flow is produced in a boiler, why the proper fuel-to-air ratio must be maintained, and how air heaters improve the efficiency of boiler operation. Finally, participants should be able to explain how water circulation occurs in a boiler and describe the use of economizers and moisture separators.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe the parts and operation of typical gas burners, oil burners, and stokers.
• Identify some devices used to improve the efficiency of boiler operations.
• Explain how air flow is produced in a typical boiler.
• Explain why changes in boiler load require fuel and air adjustments.
• State why it is necessary to maintain a proper fuel-to-air ratio in a boiler.
• Describe the parts and basic operation of a typical rotary air heater.
• Explain how rotary air heaters improve efficiency of boiler operations.
• Explain how natural circulation occurs in a typical water-tube boiler.
• Explain how controlled circulation occurs in a typical water-tube boiler.
• Describe an economizer, why it is used, and how it improves efficiency.
• Name some devices commonly used to remove moisture from steam and how they operate.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to familiarize participants with common boiler problems and some of the basic causes of boiler explosions. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe basic procedures for dealing with the loss of certain boiler auxiliaries, leaks, overpressure conditions, and equipment fires. They should also be able to describe some basic causes of boiler explosions and explain what operators can do to help prevent boiler explosions.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe typical procedures for dealing with the loss of certain boiler auxiliaries.
• Describe basic procedures for dealing with leaks that occur inside and outside a boiler.
• Describe how safety valves are used to protect boilers against overpressure.
• Describe what boiler operators should do to deal with leaking safety valves.
• Describe basic procedures for dealing with fires in coal yards, bunkers, feeders, pulverizers, and air preheaters.
• Explain how equipment fires start and identify actions that operators should avoid when equipment fires occur.
• Describe some of the basic causes of boiler explosions.
• Explain what operators can do to help prevent boiler explosions.
• Describe some situations that can cause a loss of all boiler flame.
• Describe some basic procedures for preventing a loss of all boiler flame.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to familiarize participants with the basic principles associated with combustion in a boiler and the flow of air and combustion gases during boiler operation. After completing this course, participants should be able to identify the elements needed for combustion in a boiler, explain how fuel is delivered to the burners, and describe the parts and operation of various types of burners. They should also be able to describe the air and gas flow path through a boiler and describe methods used to remove particulates and harmful gases from combustion gases. In addition, participants should be able to explain when and why vents, drains, blowdown valves, and soot blowers are used.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• List elements needed for combustion in a boiler.
• Describe the parts and function of a typical burner in a boiler furnace and how the burner helps to satisfy the elements of combustion in a boiler.
• Describe the fuel system for a typical coal-fired boiler.
• Describe a typical burner for an oil-fired boiler.
• Describe a typical burner for a gas-fired boiler.
• Define the following terms: “fuel/air ratio,” “excess air,” and “excess oxygen.”
• Describe operator responsibilities associated with maintaining the correct fuel/air ratio.
• Trace the air and gas flow path through a boiler.
• Explain how hot combustion gases are used to increase boiler efficiency.
• Describe the basic operation of two types of air preheaters.
• Describe some of the harmful effects that can be caused by combustion gas byproducts.
• Describe equipment commonly used to remove particulates and harmful gases from combustion gases.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to familiarize participants with the tasks involved in operating boilers under normal conditions. After completing this course, participants should be able to explain what steady state conditions for a boiler are and describe typical operator concerns associated with the energy losses that occur during operation of a boiler under steady state conditions. They should also be able to describe operator responsibilities for monitoring and controlling the boiler’s steam/water system, air/gas system, steam temperature, and ash removal systems.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Explain what steady state conditions for a boiler are.
• Describe some of the systems and components that must be monitored during boiler operation under steady state conditions.
• Describe typical operator concerns associated with the energy losses that occur during normal operation of a boiler.
• Describe basic operator responsibilities for monitoring a boiler’s steam/water circuit.
• Describe typical control room instrumentation that is used to monitor a boiler’s steam/water circuit.
• Describe basic operator responsibilities for monitoring combustion and the air/gas circuit for a boiler.
• Describe typical control room instrumentation that is used to monitor combustion and the air/gas circuit for a boiler.
• Describe some of the basic systems and components checks that operators perform during normal boiler operation.
• Describe five methods that are used in power plants for controlling steam temperature.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to familiarize participants with basic techniques for starting up and shutting down drum-type boilers and once-through boilers. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe basic procedures for performing a cold startup of a drum-type boiler, lighting off the furnace, warming up the boiler, and establishing the boiler flame. They should also be able to describe basic procedures for shutting down a typical drum-type boiler. In addition, participants should be able to compare and contrast the startup and shutdown of a drum-type boiler with the startup and shutdown of a once-through boiler.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe basic checks that boiler operators make during an initial pre-startup walk-through.
• Describe typical procedures for a cold startup of a controlled circulation, drum type boiler.
• Describe basic preparations for lighting off the furnace, how light-off is initiated, and how a typical boiler is warmed up.
• Describe how pulverizers are started up and controlled.
• Describe how the main coal burners are ignited and controlled.
• Describe the basic procedures for shutting down a typical drum-type boiler.
• Describe the basic differences and similarities between the operation of a once-through boiler and a drum-type boiler.
• Describe how a steam/water separation system is used during the startup and the shutdown of a once-through boiler.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This course is designed to familiarize participants with the basic principles associated with the flow of water and steam in various types of boilers. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe the flow path of water through a typical drum-type boiler, explain the differences between natural circulation and controlled circulation, and describe the functions and components of a typical boiler drum. They should also be able to describe the flow path of steam from the boiler to the condenser in a typical generating unit and explain the function of each component in the flow path. In addition, participants should be able to explain why some boilers operate above the critical point, describe the flow path of water in a once-through supercritical boiler, and explain how steam pressure is maintained in a drum-type boiler and in a once-through boiler.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• State the purposes of water circulation in a boiler.
• Describe the water flow path through a typical drum-type boiler.
• Describe the basic principle of natural circulation and two factors that can affect it.
• Describe the differences between natural and controlled circulations.
• Describe the functions and components of a typical boiler drum.
• Define the following terms : “boiling,” “saturation,” “temperature,” and “superheat.”
• Describe the steam flow path from the boiler to the condenser in a typical generating unit.
• State the function of a superheater and describe how superheaters can be classified.
• State the function of a desuperheater.
• State the function of a reheater and describe how reheaters can be classified.
• Describe the basic operation of a condenser.
• Define the term “critical point.”
• Explain why some boilers operate above the critical point.
• Describe the flow path of water in a once-through boiler.
• State the advantages and disadvantages of a once-through supercritical boiler.
• Explain how steam pressure is maintained in drum-type and once-through boilers.

Duration: 1.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

Boilers are commonly used to provide a source of steam for industrial plants. The plant personnel who operate and maintain boilers need to have a good working knowledge of the fundamental principles of boiler operation. They also have to know how to monitor and control the operation of boilers in their plant and the systems associated with the boilers.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

• State the basic requirements for steam production.
• State the basic requirements for combustion.
• Explain in general terms how a boiler produces steam.
  TYPES OF BOILERS
• Name two basic types of boilers.
• Describe the basic differences between fire tube boilers and water tube boilers.
• Describe how water, combustion gases, and steam flow through fire tube boilers and water tube boilers.
  FUELS AND BURNERS
• Explain why changes in boiler load require fuel and air adjustments.
• Describe the parts and operation of a typical gas burner.
• Describe the parts and operation of a typical oil burner.
• Describe the parts and operation of a typical stoker.
  HEAT TRANSFER
• Describe what heat transfer is.
• State three ways in which heat transfer can occur in a typical boiler.
• Identify problems that can interfere with proper heat transfer and describe the effect of each on boiler operation.
  AIR AND FUEL FLOW
• Explain how air flow is produced in a typical boiler.
• State why it is necessary to maintain a proper air-to-fuel ratio in a boiler.
• Identify some devices that are used to improve the efficiency of boiler operations.
  WATER AND STEAM FLOW
• Explain how water circulates in a typical fire tube boiler.
• Explain how natural circulation occurs in a typical water tube boiler.
• Explain how controlled circulation occurs in a typical water tube boiler.
• Describe a typical economizer and explain when and why an economizer is used.
• Name some of the devices that are commonly used to remove moisture from steam and explain how they operate.