Science Concepts

Duration: 0.66 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Many industrial processes are set up to extract specific components from homogeneous mixtures called solutions. Separating the substances in a homogeneous mixture is much more difficult than separating the substances in a heterogeneous mixture because homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition and exist in a single phase. You can’t just filter out the salt in sea water or the gasoline in crude oil. These processes are much more involved. This course explains what a solution is and defines several related concepts, including solute, solvent, solubility, concentration, and rate of solution. It also covers some of the processes that are used to transfer specific components out of solutions, including crystallization, liquid extraction, absorption, adsorption, and leaching. The basic concepts, important factors, and industrial systems are described for each process.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the following terms: solution, solubility, solute, solvent, concentration, rate of solution, crystallization, liquid extraction, absorption, adsorption, and leaching
• Differentiate between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures
• Describe how concentration and rate of solution are affected by agitation, particle size, pressure, and temperature
• Describe the stages of the crystalline process and two methods of crystal growth
• Differentiate between absorption and adsorption
• Describe some of the factors that affect liquid extraction, absorption, adsorption, and leaching operations

Duration: 0.45 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

We all consider heat (coldness or hotness) when we adjust the water temperature in the shower, decide what to wear in the morning, or change the climate controls in our car. Our homes, vehicles, and places of work have heating and cooling systems to keep us comfortable, and many of us use the weather forecast to help us decide what to wear. There are many different ways we use and/or control heat in our everyday lives. This course deals with heat from a scientific point of view, as energy. It introduces the basic principles of heat, thermal energy, and heat transfer. It describes the effects of heat, the relationship between heat and temperature, the difference between sensible heat and latent heat, and the Law of Conservation of Energy. These concepts are important to understand because many process systems require the addition or removal of heat. This course should help you understand how heating and cooling systems are designed and how they function.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the following terms: heat, thermal energy, temperature, critical point, and triple point
• Compare the three different temperature scales – Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin
• Identify intensive and extensive properties of a substance
• Differentiate between sensible heat and latent heat and describe how they appear on a heating curve
• Describe the effects of the Law of Conservation of Energy

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more reactants change chemically to produce one or more products. Reaction kinetics is the study of the speed of a reaction – the “reaction rate” – how quickly the reactants are consumed and the products are produced. Several factors can affect reaction rate, including temperature, pressure, concentration, surface area, and the presence of a catalyst. Some chemical reactions are reversible – the reactants can form products, and the products can revert into reactants. In a closed system, reversible reactions will eventually reach an equilibrium point, with reactants and products both present. The equilibrium point can shift towards the reactant side or product side by changing the reactant concentration, temperature, or pressure, or the products can be stabilized so that they cannot revert back into reactants. In this course, we look at how chemical reactions occur and the impact of several factors on reaction rate. We also cover different types of catalysts, reversible reactions, the equilibrium point, and the stabilization of products.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the following terms: reaction rate, catalyst, equilibrium, and stabilization
• Describe the effects of temperature, pressure, concentration, and surface area on reaction rate
• Explain how homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts affect the reaction rate and how catalysts can become “poisoned”
• Explain equilibrium reactions and how the equilibrium point can be changed
• Describe how the products of equilibrium reactions can be stabilized

Duration: 0.47 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Fluid systems are used to produce a large variety of products and to support production processes. Fluids are used to provide heating, cooling, and lubrication; for flushing and cleaning; and to store and distribute reactants and products. It is important for operators to understand how these systems behave in steady state conditions and also how they respond to operating changes. The transient response curve generated by a step input can help shed light on a system’s response to operating changes and be used to help set up a controller to automatically make adjustments to control important variables. Pressure, flow, level, and temperature are some of the variables that are commonly monitored in fluid process systems. It is important to monitor these variables in order to maintain the safety, performance, and efficiency of the process. This course describes the basic design features of fluid process systems, steady state vs. transient operating conditions, important variables to monitor and control, and how those variables are measured.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify a fluid process system
• List the common features of a fluid process system
• Differentiate between steady state and transient operating conditions
• Define pressure, flow, level, and temperature
• Describe the operation of pressure, flow, level, and temperature sensors

Duration: 0.51 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Heating and cooling systems are used to transfer heat from one place to another in order to control the climate in enclosed spaces. Industrially, heating and cooling equipment is used to control chemical reaction rates, evaporate liquids, condense vapors, maintain the properties of materials, and wash, dry, preheat, and cook substances. In addition to being heated or cooled, equipment and buildings are often insulated in order to prevent heat transfer to or from the surrounding environment. This course describes why heat transfer occurs, the three different modes of heat transfer, factors that can affect the heat transfer rate, how typical heat exchangers (which facilitate the transfer of heat) are designed and operated, and common heat exchanger issues.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe the effect of temperature on heat transfer
• Define specific heat
• Describe the three ways that heat can transfer
• Compare natural convection and forced convection
• Describe radiative heat transfer
• Describe shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers

Duration: 0.45 Hrs

Course Level: Fundamental
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

The term “organic chemistry” comes from the fact that this branch of chemistry began with the study of living organisms. Because the first molecules isolated from living organisms contained carbon, organic chemistry has been defined as the study of carbon-based compounds. Alcohols, sugars, gasoline, plastics, and detergents are all organic compounds. The study of carbon-based compounds is important because it helps us understand life and all of the chemical reactions that are related to life. In this course, we discuss carbon chemistry and carbon bonds, organic compound naming and drawing conventions, major classes of organic chemicals (alcohols, alkanes, etc.), basic types of organic reactions, and how spectroscopy can be used to reveal the molecular structure of organic molecules.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define terms relating to organic chemistry
• Explain how carbon’s unique structure allows it to create molecules with a wide variety of structures
• Describe the differences between organic and inorganic acids and bases
• Identify the basic types of organic reactions
• Describe how spectroscopy can be used to determine the molecular structure of organic compounds

Duration: 0.62 Hrs

Course Level: Fundamental
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Chemical reactions are all around us, from the combustion of fuel in an automobile engine, to the rusting of iron metal, to the baking of cookies, to the photosynthesis of carbon dioxide and water in plants. Many industrial processes also involve chemical reactions, where raw materials are converted into products that are desired by customers. Operators who have a good understanding of basic chemistry are better able to understand and troubleshoot plant operations. In this course, we discuss some basic types of chemical reactions, show you how to balance a chemical equation, explain the difference between organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry, and discuss material balances and limiting factors in chemical processes.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify terms related to chemical reaction and material balance, including chemical equation and molecular weight
• Describe the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry
• Describe the five basic types of chemical reactions
• Recall how to use a balanced chemical equation and the molecular weights of the products and reactants to perform a material balance
• Explain what a limiting factor is and why it is important to identify it in a chemical process

Duration: 0.43 Hrs

Course Level: Fundamental
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Chemistry is the study of the structure and composition of matter, including how it changes. Matter is made up of very small particles called atoms, which are themselves made up of even smaller particles – protons, neutrons, and electrons. It is the negatively-charged electrons, specifically the valence electrons in an atom’s outermost shell, that participate in the formation of chemical bonds.

Operators in process industries should have a basic understanding of chemistry because industrial processes often involve changes to the structure and/or composition of matter. This course covers the structure and composition of matter; the relationships between atoms, bonds, and molecules; the similarities and differences between compounds, mixtures, and solutions; and the definitions of concentration and pH.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the following terms: matter, atom, element, bond, reaction, compound, mixture, solution, solute, solvent, concentration, and pH
• Identify the particles that make up an atom
• Describe the different ways that atoms can bond together to form molecules
• Explain the similarities and differences between compounds, mixtures, and solutions
• Calculate the weights of the solute and solvent in a given amount of solution given the percent-by-weight of solute

Duration: 0.42 Hrs

Course Level: Fundamental
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Fluids are all around us. The air we breath, the water we drink, and the steam coming from our hot coffee are all fluids. Many plant systems and processes rely upon fluids for lubrication or to transport materials or heat from one location to another. Fluids are also sometimes mixed with other fluids or with solids to create new compounds, mixtures, or solutions. Solutions, including salt water, soft drinks, and antifreeze, are also plentiful. To work safely and productively, operators of fluid-based systems and processes must be familiar with the principles and characteristics of fluids and solutions. They must also understand the effects of temperature and pressure on fluids and solutions.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the following terms: matter, substance, element, compound, fluid, mixture, and solution
• Describe the three states of matter
• Identify the role of solutes and solvents in solutions
• Describe fluid characteristics that can affect plant operations, including level, viscosity, surface wetting, capillary action, and buoyancy
• Explain the difference between specific gravity and density
• Describe the effects of temperature and pressure on fluids and solubilities

Duration: 0.28 Hrs

Course Level: Fundamental
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

A force can be defined as a push or pull that causes an object to start or stop moving, speed up or slow down, change direction, or change shape. Based on this definition, it is obvious that forces and motion are closely linked. This online interactive course discusses Newton’s three laws of motion, including how they provide a basis for understanding forces and motions in process systems. It also explains the fundamental forces of gravity and electromagnetism, and some circumstantial forces that are more apparent, including friction force, centripetal force, and buoyant force.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Explain the relationship between force and motion
• Define the terms speed, velocity, acceleration, and inertia
• Identify Newton’s 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Laws of Motion
• Describe the following types of force: gravity, magnetic, electric, friction, centripetal, and buoyant

Duration: 0.33 Hrs

Course Level: Fundamental
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Facilities that manufacture and store materials must be able to monitor their processes and equipment in order to produce the desired results and keep everyone safe. This is typically achieved by taking frequent or continuous measurements of certain process variables. These process variables are based on fundamental dimensions of length, time, mass, temperature, pressure, and electric current. In this course, we will describe the fundamental dimensions of solids, liquids, and gases and their units of measurement, and discuss how these dimensions are used to monitor and troubleshoot equipment and processes in commercial and industrial settings.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the following dimensions: length, area, volume, time, mass, weight, density, speed, and electric current
• Identify common English and SI units of measure for fundamental dimensions and dimensions that are derived from them
• Convert between English and SI units of measure
• Explain why certain process variables – flow rate, temperature, pressure, level, and electric current – are monitored in process systems and identify their units of measure

Duration: 0.39 Hrs

Course Level: Fundamental
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Fluids – liquids and gases – are often used to transport materials and/or heat from one location to another in process fluid systems. There are four basic parts to a fluid system – an energy source, transmission path, one or more control devices, and the end users or “load.” These components work together to accomplish the system’s task. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed. The total energy in a fluid at a given point can include thermal energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and pressure energy. In a process fluid system, energy is often converted from one form to another in order for the system to perform its task. In fact, many pieces of equipment are designed to accomplish or rely upon energy conversions, including pumps, compressors, steam ejectors, and condensers. The concepts covered in this course will improve your understanding of how fluid systems – compressed air systems, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, and steam and water distribution systems – operate.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the term “fluid”
• Identify the four basic parts of a process fluid system
• Describe energy conversions and their effects on process fluid systems
• Describe the operation of a steam ejector and a condenser

Duration: 0.28 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

The cohesive forces between the molecules in solids are strong so they are packed closely together. This is why solids have a defined volume and shape. When a solid is heated, if enough heat is added, the molecules will gain kinetic energy and change into a liquid. Temperature can also affect solid metals by changing their conductivity, volume, magnetism, or crystalline structure. Solids are subject to many different types of stresses. Tension, compression, and bending stress are normal stresses. Shear stress and twisting stress occur when the external forces act parallel to the object’s surface. Strain is the deformation or displacement of the object that results from stress, and the way a solid reacts to stress is summarized in a stress-strain curve. This curve indicates the stiffness, elasticity, strength, and overall toughness of a substance.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the following terms: matter, mass, weight, density, stress, and elasticity
• Describe the three states of matter
• Identify the five different types of stresses and describe their effects in solids
• Describe the effects of temperature on solids

Duration: 0.43 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady, Responsive

Humans use many different types of machines to apply force and perform work. It is critical that efficiency is optimized to conserve energy. But what exactly do all of these terms – force, work, energy, efficiency – mean and how are they related? This course defines and explains the relationships between force, work, power, energy, and efficiency. It also describes how several simple machines – inclined planes, levers, gears, wheels, pulleys, and hydraulics – can be used to transmit forces and sometimes amplify them or change their direction. The mechanical advantage provided by machines is improved by minimizing friction, which always opposes motion.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the terms force, work, energy, power, efficiency, and machine
• Explain why it is important to maintain high efficiencies
• Describe the mechanical advantage provided by simple machines, including inclined planes, levers, gears, wheels, and pulleys
• Explain how hydraulic systems distribute pressure and force
• Describe the three types of friction – static, sliding, and rolling – and their impact on mechanical systems

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course discusses what mechanical advantage is and the different basic machines that have a mechanical advantage. These machines include levers, pulleys, wheels, inclined planes, wedges, screws, and gears. This course also describes the different types of motion including linear, circular, harmonic, and wave.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Definitions for:
  • Mechanical advantage
  • A lever
  • A pulley
  • A wheel
  • An inclined plane
  • Linear motion
  • Circular motion
  • Harmonic motion
  • Wave motion
  • Types of levers, inclined planes, and wheels

Duration: 0.25 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

All matter on earth exists in one of three phases or states: solid, liquid, or gas. A substance’s phase is determined by the speed of its molecular motion, often referred to as kinetic energy. Adding or removing heat energy from a substance can change it from one state to another. This course illustrates the types and properties of matter states, and concludes with a discussion of temperature scales and the different types of heat transfer.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Match each phase of matter with its characteristics
• Describe the role of temperature in determining the phase of matter
• Describe how heat is measured
• Differentiate between the three ways that heat is transferred

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

Understanding physics is a huge endeavor as it covers so many different scientific elements, from the gravity that keeps people from floating into space to the momentum that keeps an object in motion. Simply defined, physics is a branch of science that studies matter and its motion, as well as how it interacts with energy and forces. It covers such subjects as motion, electricity, work and energy, astronomy, waves and sound, light and optics, and nuclear physics and relativity. This module will focus on how physics relates to motion, work, and energy.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the scientific field of physics
• Define the primary terms for the physics of motion
• Identify Newton’s laws of motion
• Define the primary terms for the physics of work, energy, and force

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video, MobileReady

This interactive training is designed to introduce you to some of the basic principles associated with heat and heat transfer. In this course, we will describe some of the effects of heat, the relationship between temperature and thermal energy, and the Law of Energy Conservation. We will define the terms “sensible heat” and “latent heat.” Also, we will discuss the effects of pressure on the temperature at which a substance undergoes a phase change.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe some of the effects of heat
• Explain the relationship between temperature and thermal energy
• Discuss the Law of Energy Conservation
• Define sensible heat and latent heat
• Identify the effects of pressure on the temperature at which a substance undergoes a phase change

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, MobileReady

This interactive online course is designed to introduce you to the fundamentals of heat transfer and the basic operation of a typical heat exchanger. We will describe the effects of a temperature difference on heat transfer and the three modes of heat transfer. We will also explain the basic operation of a shell and tube heat exchanger and identify problems that can occur in a heat exchanger.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe the effects of temperature difference on heat transfer
• Define specific heat List the three modes of heat transfer
• Discuss conduction heat transfer
• Compare natural convection and forced convection
• Describe radiation heat transfer

Duration: 0.50 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, MobileReady

This course is designed to familiarize participants with the characteristics of dynamic process operation and with devices that are commonly used to measure process variables. After completing this course, participants should be able to explain what resistance and capacitance are in process systems and to describe factors that affect the response of a process system to operating changes and process disturbances. Participants should also be able to describe devices that can be used to measure pressure, flow, level, and temperature.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe resistance and capacitance in process systems.
• Describe and give examples of system characteristics between periods of steady-state conditions when changes occur.
• Describe ways that pressure can be measured.
• Describe ways that flow can be measured.
• Describe ways that level can be measured.
• Describe radiation heat transfer.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to familiarize participants with basic concepts associated with using balanced chemical equations to calculate the amounts of reactants and products in process reactions. After completing this course, participants should be able to explain what material balancing is, verify that a chemical equation is balanced, and use a balanced equation to calculate the amounts of reactants and products in a reaction when the weight of one reactant is given. They should also be able to identify two basic factors that can limit the production of a process system, perform material balancing for a process system when reactant supply is the limiting factor, and perform material balancing for a system in which a specific amount of product is to be produced.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Explain the meaning of material balancing.
• Verify that a chemical equation is balanced.
• Define “molecular weight” and explain how to calculate the weight of a molecule.
• Calculate the amounts of reactants and products in a reaction when given the weight of one reactant.
• Identify two basic factors that can limit the production of a process system.
• Convert reactant supplies expressed as total amounts into supply rates.
• Determine the limiting factor of a process system that is being operated to produce as much product as possible.
• Perform material balancing for a process system when reactant supply is the limiting factor.
• Perform material balancing for a system in which a specific amount of product is to be produced.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to familiarize participants with basic concepts associated with the rates at which chemical reactions occur. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe two factors that determine the rates of reactions and describe the effects of temperature, pressure, concentration, and surface area on reaction rates. They should also be able to describe how catalysts affect reaction rates and how equilibrium reactions can be affected by temperature and pressure.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define “reaction rate.”
• Explain how chemical reactions occur and describe two factors that determine the rates of reactions.
• Describe the effects of temperature, pressure, concentration, and surface area on reaction rates.
• Define “catalyst.”
• Describe how adsorption catalysts work.
• Explain how some catalysts can become poisoned.
• Describe how catalysts work by forming an intermediate product during a reaction.
• Define “equilibrium” and “equilibrium point.”
• Describe the effects of temperature and pressure on an equilibrium reaction.
• Describe one way that products can be stabilized.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to introduce participants to the characteristics, components, and operation of fluid systems. After completing this course, participants should be able to explain, in general terms, what a plant system is and what a fluid is. They should also be able to explain the basic layout of a liquid system and describe energy conversions in a liquid system. Participants should also be able to describe the basic parts of a compressed air system and the basic operation of several gas and vapor system devices.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Explain, in general terms, what a plant system is.
• Explain what a fluid is.
• Describe the effects of pressure changes on a static fluid.
• Describe the four basic parts of a liquid system.
• Describe the effects of energy conversions on a fluid under steady-state conditions.
• Describe some of the energy conversions that take place in liquid systems.
• Describe the basic parts of a typical compressed air system.
• Describe the operation of a jet pump.
• Describe the operation of a nozzle.
• Describe the operation of a condenser.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to introduce participants to scientific principles associated with applied forces and the operation of basic machines. After completing this course, participants should be able to define work, power, and efficiency; and explain the mechanical advantage of this inclined plane and the lever. They should also be able to explain the hydraulic principle and the relationship between friction and the operation of machines.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Define the term “work” and explain its relationship to energy.
• Define the term “power.”
• Explain why efficiency is important to plant operation.
• Define the term “mechanical advantage.”
• Explain the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane.
• Explain the mechanical advantage of the lever.
• Explain the hydraulic principle and give examples of where it applies.
• Discuss some of the effects of friction.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to familiarize participants with basic concepts associated with the properties of gases and flowing liquids. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe the major properties of gases and explain how these properties are related. They should also be able to explain how pressure can be measured and to describe the effects of flow, velocity, and friction on the head pressure of a liquid.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe the effects of temperature and pressure on gases.
• Explain how Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law relate to the pressure and volume of gases.
• Explain how the General Gas Law relates to temperature, pressure and volume of a gas.
• Explain how atmospheric pressure can be measured.
• Describe the effects of pressure on a manometer.
• Explain how various scales can be used to measure pressure.
• Define the following terms: “flow,” “flow rate,” “steady-state conditions,” “static conditions,” “head,” and “head pressure.”
• Describe the effects of flow on pressure.
• Describe the effects of velocity on pressure.
• Describe the effects of friction on pressure.

Duration: 2.00 Hrs

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to familiarize participants with basic scientific principles that relate to solids and liquids. After completing this course, participants should be able to describe the general molecular structure of solids, liquids, and gases. They should also be able to describe specific properties associated with solids and liquids.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Identify the three forms of matter and explain how they are structured.
• Give a general description of the molecular structure and the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases.
• Compare and contrast the molecular structures of different solids.
• Explain why liquids can flow.
• Define the following terms: “mass,” “density,” and “stress.”
• Identify five types of stress and their effects on solids.
• Define the following terms: “elasticity” and “temperature.”
• Describe the effects of temperature on solids.
• Describe how liquids seek their own level.
• Define the term “viscosity.”
• Describe the property of wetting and explain why it occurs.
• Describe buoyancy and explain why it occurs.
• Describe specific gravity and how it relates to density.
• Describe the effects of temperature and pressure on liquids.

Duration: 1.00 Hr

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

Operators who work in process plants need to have a good understanding of the basic principles of chemistry, since processes often involve changes in the structure and composition of matter. This course will provide an introduction to chemistry, definitions of key terms, a review of compounds and mixtures, and an examination of solutions and how they are different from other mixtures.

Learning Objectives

Chemical Reactions

• Identify three common types of chemical reactions.
• Define the following terms: chemical equation and chemical reaction.
• Use a chemical equation to explain what occurs during a simple chemical reaction.
• Define “endothermic” and “exothermic” in terms of their application to chemical reactions.
• Explain how a combustion reaction occurs.
• Explain how a replacement reaction occurs.
• Explain how a neutralization reaction occurs.
• Explain how the acidity or basicity of a liquid is measured.

Duration: 1.00 Hr

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course is designed to familiarize you with basic concepts associated with chemical reactions, material balancing, and organic chemistry. After completing this course, you should be able to use a chemical equation to explain what occurs during a chemical reaction, and explain how combustion reactions, replacement reactions, and neutralization reactions occur. You should also be able to explain what material balancing is and describe the basic steps involved in balancing the materials represented in a simple equation. In addition, you should be able to explain what organic chemistry is and how some organic chemicals are named.

Learning Objectives

Topic 1: Chemical Reactions

• Identify three common types of chemical reactions.
• Define the following terms: chemical equation and chemical reaction.
• Use a chemical equation to explain what occurs during a simple chemical reaction.
• Define “endothermic” and “exothermic” in terms of their application to chemical reactions.
• Explain how a combustion reaction occurs.
• Explain how a replacement reaction occurs.
• Explain how a neutralization reaction occurs.
• Explain how the acidity or basicity of a liquid is measured.

Topic II: Material Balancing

• Explain what material balancing is.
• Identify the steps involved in balancing the materials represented in simple equation.
• Given the actual weight of one material in a reaction, use the relative weights of the atoms in the reaction
• To determine the actual weights, the other materials involved.

Topic III: Organic Chemistry

• Define organic chemistry.
• Explain how some organic chemicals are named.

Duration: 1.00 Hr

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

Process chemistry is chemistry that applies to process systems. An understanding of process chemistry can help process industry personnel understand the chemical reactions that occur in process systems. This course examines how the principles of material balancing, reaction rates, and equilibrium reactions apply to the process industry.

Learning Objectives

• Describe process chemistry, how to balance equations, and how to calculate material weights.
• Explain how to identify limiting factors and how to perform material balancing.
• Explain reaction rates and how process variables affect them.
• Describe a catalyst and various types of catalysts.
• Explain equilibrium and how process variables affect equilibrium reactions.

Duration: 1.00 Hr

Course Level: Intermediate
Languages: English
Capability: Audio, Video

This course examines the basic concepts that relate to the processing of certain kinds of mixtures. Industrial applications of these concepts are also presented.

Learning Objectives

Introduction to Solubility

• Compare and contrast heterogeneous mixtures, and homogeneous mixtures.
• Define the following terms: solution, solubility, solute, and solvent.

Concentration and Rate of Solution

• Define “concentration” and describe its varying degrees.
• Define “rate of solution.”
• Describe how concentration and rate of solution are affected by the following factors: agitation, particle size, pressure, and temperature.

Crystallization

• Define crystallization.
• Describe the stages of the crystalline process.
• Describe two methods of crystal growth.
• Describe the basic operation of a crystallization system.

Liquid Extraction

• Define liquid extraction.
• Describe factors that affect the efficiency of liquid extraction.
• Describe the basic operation of a liquid extraction system.

Absorption

• Define absorption.
• Describe some of the factors that affect absorption.
• Describe the operation of a typical industrial absorber

Adsorption

• Describe the adsorption process.
• Explain why it is important for adsorbents to be porous.
• List various types of adsorbents and describe the products with which they are used.

Leaching

• Describe the function of leaching.
• Describe the basic steps in a leaching operation.
• Describe factors that affect a leaching operation.